Foreign Countries: Info by Country Name

World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency)
Countries and Regions (US State Department)
CIA Maps (see also Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection which has digitalized additional CIA maps).

World Leaders: Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Government
International Statistical Agencies United States Census Bureau list of the national statistics offices of other countries.
Country internet sites: Most countries and international organizations have an internet site. Foreign Governments is a good starting point. Also helpful is OFFSTATS: Official Statistics on the Web, a list compiled by the University of Auckland Library.

US State Department Foreign Operations Congressional Budget Justification, FY 2013 Overview of US operations in each country
United States Institute of Peace Publications and Tools Use the Regions drop-down menu to choose your country of interest.
International Data Base (Census Bureau). Database containing statistical tables of demographic and socio-economic data for 228 countries and areas of the world.

Human Rights

Foreign Agricultural Service includes United States food aid to other countries, agricultural trade information, and more.
International Energy Data includes country specific information as well as overviews.
Social Security Programs Throughout the World
Country Health Statistical Reports (Agency for International Development)
Latin America and the Caribbean: Selected Economic and Social Data (Agency for International Development)
Development Experience Clearinghouse (Agency for International Development)

Portals to the World (Library of Congress) and Foreign Information by Country (University of Colorado at Boulder's University Library) are useful guides that links to electronic resources about specific countries; some of the sites included are government sites, many are not.
Use the resources of international organizations. Examples are: United Nations Social and Economic Statistical Databases and United National Population Information Network. (International Government Information at UC Berkeley is a good starting point if you are not familiar with such organizations).