The printing revolution that began in the 15th century was similar in impact to the Internet's influence today, completely changing society, according to bookbinder Harold Gross, speaking at a noon lecture at the Oviatt Library in October. Gross gave a lively lecture on the history of paper, the book, printing, binding, and the repair of damaged books.

Gross was introduced by Geography professor Robert Gohstand, a longtime friend of the Library who first contacted Gross when he was looking for help for a Moscow library, whose books had suffered extensive water damage. The contact sparked Gohstand's interest in the fine art of book repair, and he signed up as a student with Gross.

Gross showed samples of early writing materials, such as papyrus, used by the Egyptians, and goatskin. The Chinese first used paper in 100 B.C. to substitute for silk or bamboo. Gross explained how the Industrial Revolution changed the way paper was made. In 1798, machines were used to turn rags into paper at mills. In 1840, wood pulp replaced rag.

Early books were all handwritten and could take years to produce. That all changed in 1438 , when Gutenberg invented moveable metal type and a sticky ink that would adhere to the type surface. His famous Gutenberg Bible of 1454 was a wonder at the time. Gross noted that there are only 21 copies of this very valuable work left.

The printed book had an immediate impact. Between 1440 and 1500, there were 35,000 book titles printed, totaling 12 million volumes. Books printed during this time are called incunabula.

Gross brought in a sewing frame to demonstrate how fine bindings are sewn. Developed in the 15th century, his model has changed little in the last 550 years.

Gross concluded his lecture with advice on how to prevent damage to books at home. For example, keep them away from plants, where bugs can be found. Never use scotch tape to repair a binding, and always wash your hands when using a book.